The Tuskegee Airmen had come a long way. It is a group which is well known for its relentless efforts to fight all forms of bigotry and racism in the American society. Even though they had colored faces, they were not deterred from achieving what they had set as their goals. They were very instrumental in the fight against Hitler, even though they were subjected to all kinds of hatred. And today, their legacy lives on. They have inspired several pilots from the minority bracket. Many organizations have been formed in a bid to continue with its work that of ensuring that the African Americans who aspire to become pilots get the best education. They also cater for the other minority groups in the United States. Perhaps there would be no African American pilots or those from the other minority races if it were not for their zeal to fight for national and military integration. There is no doubt that Tuskegee Airmen will always be role models to the present generation and in future. Tuskegee influence on the minority pilots
Introduction
In his poem, W.E. B. Du Bois states that, They are the brave, these men who cast aside, old memories, to walk the blood stained pave of sacrifice, joining the solemn ride, that moves away to suffer and die, for freedom when their own is denied (Scott Womack, 1992).The Tuskegee airmen fit in this description, as they were fearless and determined men who changed the face of the African Americans pilots in the U.S. Their efforts led to the acceptance of the minority pilots of the African American race. This research paper aims at discussing the influence that the Tuskegee Airmen had on the minority pilots in the U.S.
The Tuskegee airmen
The Tuskegee Airmen were determined and dedicated youthful men who set a record of becoming the first black military airmen in America. Several of the airmen came from the New York City, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Chicago and Detroit. Those who had mental and physical abilities were accepted as aviation cadets. Most of them were either college undergraduates or graduates, while others demonstrated exemplary qualifications through complete entrance examinations. Once they were accepted, they were trained in fields of engineering, meteorology, intelligence, medicine. The members that were enlisted got trained as armament specialists, parachute riggers, policemen, control tower operators and radio repairmen. These were the skills that were required for them to function as the flying squadron of the Army Air Corps or the ground support unit (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
Additionally, the black airmen who qualified to be multi-engine or single-engine pilots got their training at the Tuskegee Army Air Field (TAAF) in Alabama, from 1941.Several people were trained, and they later joined the Fighter Group in the fifteenth Air Force. Among the most renowned men at this time were people like Captain Benjamin O. Davis Junior, who graduated from the West Point Academy (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
The war made the Tuskegee airmen famous
The Black Airmen participation in the World War II was accomplished by men who will never be forgotten in the American History. Each of the airmen was described as one who possessed a strong personal desire to serve the United States of America at the best of his ability. (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010). All the men who fought accepted the challenge through displaying their determination and skill, and at the same time overcoming indignation and humiliation caused by bigotry and racism. The men were fighting two wars, a racism war abroad and at home and the other one was against a military force overseas. The Airmen who never went for the war trained in Michigan, at a camp referred to as Self ridge Field (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010). According to Scott Womack (1992), the struggle was referred to as the Double V. This is because the Airmen had to ensure that their fight would bring a transformation towards the African Americans and at the same time fight abroad. They wanted a change towards the national disposition of the African Americans. The African American pilots had attained a college education and had acquired private pilot licenses. Additionally, they were adventurous, courageous and talented.
The Tuskegee airmen were faced with a race challenge
When the Tuskegee Airmen came to be, it was during a time when several people thought that the black men had no courage, intelligence, skill and patriotism. Despite facing a high level of racism overseas, they were still determined. The airmen who never went to the war were trained in Michigan, at a place called Self Ridge Field. They also experienced racism of the highest degree. According to the army regulations, all the airmen had access to the base officers club. However, this was not the case at this camp. The Black Airmen were treated as trainees and the base officers club was out of bounds for them. The unfair treatment continued when the group was transferred to the Goodman Field in Kentucky. The hostilities reached a climax when the group was transferred to Freeman Field in Indiana. At this time, a hundred and one officers were arrested when the black officers tried to get in the Freeman Field officers Club. This is because they were restricted from entering the club. The officers were charged with insubordination and were to face a court martial (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010). There was double pressure for the Tuskegee Airmen. The rest of the airmen who were participating in the World War II were trying all they could to overcome Hitler overseas, while the rest were trying to fight racism at home (Scott Womack, 1992).
The proceedings of the court martial were dropped against one hundred of the arrested officers. Later, the charges of the two officers were dropped and Lt. Roger Bill Terry, the remaining officer, was convicted. It was only after a period of fifty years in 1995 that official notifications were received by fifteen of the officers who had been arrested. The official notifications stated that any reference to the Freeman Field Incident had been cleared. Additionally, there was a reversal of Mr. Terrys court martial conviction .His military records had also been cleared, together with the other remaining officers (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
When the war came to an end, the black airmen went back to the United States and received continued bigotry and racism despite the results of the war. The Tuskegee Army Air Field continued to train new groups of airmen until 1946, when it marked a period of the emergence of women in the Air industry. The women entered the Air Field and joined several support fields. As a result of segregation the opportunities of promotion and advancement of the black airmen at the Tuskegee army were very slim. This hindered the morale of the airmen. Racism did not make them perform lesser, they still continued with the zeal they had in their work (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
A transformation was seen in 1949. Several of the units of the whites did not have enough labor force. The segregation policy could not allow them to recruit the black qualified airmen. In 1948, President Harry Truman set new laws which directed equality of opportunity and treatment for all the United States Armed Forces. This marked the end of racial segregation in the air and military sectors. Additionally, it marked a period of racial integration in the United States. The outstanding behavior of the airmen, good accomplishment records and the positive experience were the factors that contributed to the positive change as far as race was concerned in America (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
A legacy that lives on
Johnson (2008) states that Not only did the Tuskegee airmen change the country sixty six years ago, but also they continue to change the world today. As some of the first Americans to break the race barrier, the Tuskegee airmen helped influence the future of the U.S. military and American society.
As a result of the achievements of the Tuskegee airmen, a non-profit organization referred to as the Tuskegee Airmen Inc. has fifty three chapters nationwide. Its purpose is to honor the achievements of the African Americans who participated in ground and air crew operations during the Second World War and at the same time, perpetuate their history. The organization also aims at introducing the young people in the U.S. to the science and aviation world through national and local programs. Additionally, annual awards and scholarships have been awarded to corporations, groups and individuals who deserve them. Deserving cadets are also given awards in the Air Force Officer Training Corps (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
Influence of the minority pilots in the past and the present
Several people in the United States believe that the Tuskegee airmen were behind the transformation of the nation and the black pilots performance .This led to the desegregation of the military. Once the military desegregated, the society also started to desegregate. There emerged a new perception of the African Americans in the Air Force and the nation in general. The Tuskegees accomplishments opened doors for several people in the United States. This act inspired the African American communities. It instilled the spirit of industry in them, and made them unite so as to accomplish great achievements (Johnson, 2008).
According to Higginbotham (2008), the Tuskegee Airmen were noted for their prowess in accountability and fighting for the minority. They fought for racial segregation and advocated for integration in the American society. They strongly stated that there was no word as separate in their society. Instead, the people were supposed to embrace the word equal. As a result of their achievements, there was a great collaboration of the military and the nation. The protest and the legal challenges that they went through were not in vain, as they bore fruits, which can still be seen today.
Though the Tuskegee Airmen aimed at integrating the nation and the airmen, there are still some aspects of discrimination in the air industry as far as race is concerned. The military has been seen as a model of diversity at many levels. However, it has not yet broken up the fraternity of the white men in the best ranks of the airline industry. In 1995, research showed that the white males made up ninety eight percent of the military pilots. In addition, several of the minority servicemen, most of who are from the minority races have a low level of education, which disqualifies them for the flight school. According to the African Americans this kind of attitude is hostile to them (Hornblower, 1995).
Additionally, the air industry in the current years recruits pilots from the military. This is because most people find the costs of aviation too high. Over one hundred thousand dollars are needed for one to study aviation. For the minority races, this kind of money is too much. Therefore, the minority pilots continue to be segregated as most of them cannot afford the Aviation schools (Hornblower, 1995). A well known USA pilot, Philip Garland, noted that there needed to be a lot of black pilots so that the upcoming minority pilots could feel inspired and embraced in the air industry. According to him, something had to be done so as to continue with the inspiration that the Tuskegee airmen had started in America (Hornblower, 1995). Philip Garland was a representation of what most of the minority races had always wanted. As a result of the desire to continue with the inspiration that the Tuskegee airmen had left, several bodies have been formed in relation to the blacks in the air industry.
The Organization of Black Airline Pilots (OBAP) is focused on preparing the young people to achieve a successful future in relation to aviation. Their inspiration was the Tuskegee Airmen Inc (TAI), which had similar goals. OBAPs approach to the idea was to offer total representation of the minority and African-American airmen. The organization has been active in ensuring that the industry improves the recruitment process of the minority pilots. They are also responsible for scrutinizing the performance of the airline industry on recruitment. The organizations efforts have borne fruits. Currently, the total number of the practicing pilots is estimated to be six hundred and seventy four, including a total of fourteen female pilots of the African American race (Chicago Tribune, 2010).
The struggle of expanding the presence of the African American Pilots as far as retention and hiring is concerned is an uphill task. OBAP is proud to have led to joint activities and cooperative relations which have been established in many airlines, private organizations and government agencies so as to address issues of mutual concern and racial inequities. Mr. M. Perry Jones, an OBAP President played a key role as he encouraged the U.S. Congress to provide funds to an American study. This study evaluated the nations production supply and demand of airline pilots from the year 2000. He also proposed the opening of an aviation training facility of the national level at a historically black institution. As a result of his proposal, the U.S. Congress approved a National Academy of Sciences study for two years, and also appointed a panel. The panel and the academy pledged to set new standards in the Air industry in relation to the minority pilot representation (Chicago Tribune, 2010).
The Black Pilots of America (BPA) is also another non-profit organization which was established in 1997. It is open to anyone who may be interested in promoting aviation for the minority pilots in America. The organization is composed of women, men and youth aviation enthusiasts from various experiences, backgrounds and all walks of life. The chapters of the organization are located throughout the country. Like the OBAP, the organization got its inspiration from the Tuskegee airmen. It aims at training the youth so that they can advance and participate in various kinds of employment within the aviation field (Black Pilots Inc, 2010).
More importantly, it encourages and stimulates broader job opportunities for the youth who are under privileged in the different phases of aviation. The youth are encouraged to get in the aviation fields and to remain in schools. This is done by the initiative of the organization to give lectures and show films in the aviation field. It also organizes places where the training takes place. The organization has provided answers to many disadvantaged and bright students who have always wanted to study aviation. It develops scholarships for the youth who undertake aviation studies. It has the mandate of leasing, holding, pledging or acquiring any personal or real property which is important to the organizations operations (Black Pilots Inc, 2010).
When Booker T. Washington established the Tuskegee University, he did not only have the education of the youth in mind, but also realized that a wholesome provision of training in a variety of skills was important. Tuskegee University has been very instrumental in ensuring that there was an increase of the Black professional pilots. In 2002, the university opened the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site. Inspired by a famous Tuskegee airmen pilot, Alfred Chief Anderson, the University also established a program that was named after Anderson. The purpose of this program was to ensure that the next generation of the airmen received adequate training (Tuskegee University, 2003).
Anderson was the first African American pilot to get a commercial pilots certificate. He was also the first pilot to make a transcontinental flight. According to the overseer of the program, Mr. Payton, the Universitys action was to ensure that there was an increase in the minority pilots in the country. He stated that the Universitys science curriculum would increase the professional pilots, the same way the number of the blacks in the Tuskegee Ph.D. program in engineering and science had made an impact. The science programs would also have continuing and community outreach programs to strengthen the science skills of the children who had an interest in flying (Tuskegee University, 2003).
The film industry has also been influenced by the Tuskegee airmen. On February 21, 2010, a play known as Black Angels over Tuskegee was staged at St. Lukes Theatre. It is a play based on the true events of the Tuskegee airmen .The director and the playwright of the film, Layon Gray depicts the achievements and the struggles of the first black military airmen. An unnamed narrator states that the films objective is to prove the world wrong on the notions they had on the minority pilots. He states that the U.S. Congress had done a study on the Negro Soldier .Their report was that the Negro soldiers had a small brain and they were lazy, and there was no way that they could perform a difficult task, like flying a plane. The films aim is to encourage the African Americans to pursue their dreams despite all odds (The Mainichi Daily News, 2010).
Indeed, the Tuskegee airmen had a great influence on the minority pilots in the United States. Up to date, several black pilots, or those from other races hold to the fact that the Tuskegee airmen were behind the integration process. It seems like the same belief will recur in the future, as the Tuskegee Airmen Inc. is growing stronger each day.
Introduction
In his poem, W.E. B. Du Bois states that, They are the brave, these men who cast aside, old memories, to walk the blood stained pave of sacrifice, joining the solemn ride, that moves away to suffer and die, for freedom when their own is denied (Scott Womack, 1992).The Tuskegee airmen fit in this description, as they were fearless and determined men who changed the face of the African Americans pilots in the U.S. Their efforts led to the acceptance of the minority pilots of the African American race. This research paper aims at discussing the influence that the Tuskegee Airmen had on the minority pilots in the U.S.
The Tuskegee airmen
The Tuskegee Airmen were determined and dedicated youthful men who set a record of becoming the first black military airmen in America. Several of the airmen came from the New York City, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Chicago and Detroit. Those who had mental and physical abilities were accepted as aviation cadets. Most of them were either college undergraduates or graduates, while others demonstrated exemplary qualifications through complete entrance examinations. Once they were accepted, they were trained in fields of engineering, meteorology, intelligence, medicine. The members that were enlisted got trained as armament specialists, parachute riggers, policemen, control tower operators and radio repairmen. These were the skills that were required for them to function as the flying squadron of the Army Air Corps or the ground support unit (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
Additionally, the black airmen who qualified to be multi-engine or single-engine pilots got their training at the Tuskegee Army Air Field (TAAF) in Alabama, from 1941.Several people were trained, and they later joined the Fighter Group in the fifteenth Air Force. Among the most renowned men at this time were people like Captain Benjamin O. Davis Junior, who graduated from the West Point Academy (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
The war made the Tuskegee airmen famous
The Black Airmen participation in the World War II was accomplished by men who will never be forgotten in the American History. Each of the airmen was described as one who possessed a strong personal desire to serve the United States of America at the best of his ability. (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010). All the men who fought accepted the challenge through displaying their determination and skill, and at the same time overcoming indignation and humiliation caused by bigotry and racism. The men were fighting two wars, a racism war abroad and at home and the other one was against a military force overseas. The Airmen who never went for the war trained in Michigan, at a camp referred to as Self ridge Field (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010). According to Scott Womack (1992), the struggle was referred to as the Double V. This is because the Airmen had to ensure that their fight would bring a transformation towards the African Americans and at the same time fight abroad. They wanted a change towards the national disposition of the African Americans. The African American pilots had attained a college education and had acquired private pilot licenses. Additionally, they were adventurous, courageous and talented.
The Tuskegee airmen were faced with a race challenge
When the Tuskegee Airmen came to be, it was during a time when several people thought that the black men had no courage, intelligence, skill and patriotism. Despite facing a high level of racism overseas, they were still determined. The airmen who never went to the war were trained in Michigan, at a place called Self Ridge Field. They also experienced racism of the highest degree. According to the army regulations, all the airmen had access to the base officers club. However, this was not the case at this camp. The Black Airmen were treated as trainees and the base officers club was out of bounds for them. The unfair treatment continued when the group was transferred to the Goodman Field in Kentucky. The hostilities reached a climax when the group was transferred to Freeman Field in Indiana. At this time, a hundred and one officers were arrested when the black officers tried to get in the Freeman Field officers Club. This is because they were restricted from entering the club. The officers were charged with insubordination and were to face a court martial (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010). There was double pressure for the Tuskegee Airmen. The rest of the airmen who were participating in the World War II were trying all they could to overcome Hitler overseas, while the rest were trying to fight racism at home (Scott Womack, 1992).
The proceedings of the court martial were dropped against one hundred of the arrested officers. Later, the charges of the two officers were dropped and Lt. Roger Bill Terry, the remaining officer, was convicted. It was only after a period of fifty years in 1995 that official notifications were received by fifteen of the officers who had been arrested. The official notifications stated that any reference to the Freeman Field Incident had been cleared. Additionally, there was a reversal of Mr. Terrys court martial conviction .His military records had also been cleared, together with the other remaining officers (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
When the war came to an end, the black airmen went back to the United States and received continued bigotry and racism despite the results of the war. The Tuskegee Army Air Field continued to train new groups of airmen until 1946, when it marked a period of the emergence of women in the Air industry. The women entered the Air Field and joined several support fields. As a result of segregation the opportunities of promotion and advancement of the black airmen at the Tuskegee army were very slim. This hindered the morale of the airmen. Racism did not make them perform lesser, they still continued with the zeal they had in their work (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
A transformation was seen in 1949. Several of the units of the whites did not have enough labor force. The segregation policy could not allow them to recruit the black qualified airmen. In 1948, President Harry Truman set new laws which directed equality of opportunity and treatment for all the United States Armed Forces. This marked the end of racial segregation in the air and military sectors. Additionally, it marked a period of racial integration in the United States. The outstanding behavior of the airmen, good accomplishment records and the positive experience were the factors that contributed to the positive change as far as race was concerned in America (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
A legacy that lives on
Johnson (2008) states that Not only did the Tuskegee airmen change the country sixty six years ago, but also they continue to change the world today. As some of the first Americans to break the race barrier, the Tuskegee airmen helped influence the future of the U.S. military and American society.
As a result of the achievements of the Tuskegee airmen, a non-profit organization referred to as the Tuskegee Airmen Inc. has fifty three chapters nationwide. Its purpose is to honor the achievements of the African Americans who participated in ground and air crew operations during the Second World War and at the same time, perpetuate their history. The organization also aims at introducing the young people in the U.S. to the science and aviation world through national and local programs. Additionally, annual awards and scholarships have been awarded to corporations, groups and individuals who deserve them. Deserving cadets are also given awards in the Air Force Officer Training Corps (Tuskegee Airmen Inc, 2010).
Influence of the minority pilots in the past and the present
Several people in the United States believe that the Tuskegee airmen were behind the transformation of the nation and the black pilots performance .This led to the desegregation of the military. Once the military desegregated, the society also started to desegregate. There emerged a new perception of the African Americans in the Air Force and the nation in general. The Tuskegees accomplishments opened doors for several people in the United States. This act inspired the African American communities. It instilled the spirit of industry in them, and made them unite so as to accomplish great achievements (Johnson, 2008).
According to Higginbotham (2008), the Tuskegee Airmen were noted for their prowess in accountability and fighting for the minority. They fought for racial segregation and advocated for integration in the American society. They strongly stated that there was no word as separate in their society. Instead, the people were supposed to embrace the word equal. As a result of their achievements, there was a great collaboration of the military and the nation. The protest and the legal challenges that they went through were not in vain, as they bore fruits, which can still be seen today.
Though the Tuskegee Airmen aimed at integrating the nation and the airmen, there are still some aspects of discrimination in the air industry as far as race is concerned. The military has been seen as a model of diversity at many levels. However, it has not yet broken up the fraternity of the white men in the best ranks of the airline industry. In 1995, research showed that the white males made up ninety eight percent of the military pilots. In addition, several of the minority servicemen, most of who are from the minority races have a low level of education, which disqualifies them for the flight school. According to the African Americans this kind of attitude is hostile to them (Hornblower, 1995).
Additionally, the air industry in the current years recruits pilots from the military. This is because most people find the costs of aviation too high. Over one hundred thousand dollars are needed for one to study aviation. For the minority races, this kind of money is too much. Therefore, the minority pilots continue to be segregated as most of them cannot afford the Aviation schools (Hornblower, 1995). A well known USA pilot, Philip Garland, noted that there needed to be a lot of black pilots so that the upcoming minority pilots could feel inspired and embraced in the air industry. According to him, something had to be done so as to continue with the inspiration that the Tuskegee airmen had started in America (Hornblower, 1995). Philip Garland was a representation of what most of the minority races had always wanted. As a result of the desire to continue with the inspiration that the Tuskegee airmen had left, several bodies have been formed in relation to the blacks in the air industry.
The Organization of Black Airline Pilots (OBAP) is focused on preparing the young people to achieve a successful future in relation to aviation. Their inspiration was the Tuskegee Airmen Inc (TAI), which had similar goals. OBAPs approach to the idea was to offer total representation of the minority and African-American airmen. The organization has been active in ensuring that the industry improves the recruitment process of the minority pilots. They are also responsible for scrutinizing the performance of the airline industry on recruitment. The organizations efforts have borne fruits. Currently, the total number of the practicing pilots is estimated to be six hundred and seventy four, including a total of fourteen female pilots of the African American race (Chicago Tribune, 2010).
The struggle of expanding the presence of the African American Pilots as far as retention and hiring is concerned is an uphill task. OBAP is proud to have led to joint activities and cooperative relations which have been established in many airlines, private organizations and government agencies so as to address issues of mutual concern and racial inequities. Mr. M. Perry Jones, an OBAP President played a key role as he encouraged the U.S. Congress to provide funds to an American study. This study evaluated the nations production supply and demand of airline pilots from the year 2000. He also proposed the opening of an aviation training facility of the national level at a historically black institution. As a result of his proposal, the U.S. Congress approved a National Academy of Sciences study for two years, and also appointed a panel. The panel and the academy pledged to set new standards in the Air industry in relation to the minority pilot representation (Chicago Tribune, 2010).
The Black Pilots of America (BPA) is also another non-profit organization which was established in 1997. It is open to anyone who may be interested in promoting aviation for the minority pilots in America. The organization is composed of women, men and youth aviation enthusiasts from various experiences, backgrounds and all walks of life. The chapters of the organization are located throughout the country. Like the OBAP, the organization got its inspiration from the Tuskegee airmen. It aims at training the youth so that they can advance and participate in various kinds of employment within the aviation field (Black Pilots Inc, 2010).
More importantly, it encourages and stimulates broader job opportunities for the youth who are under privileged in the different phases of aviation. The youth are encouraged to get in the aviation fields and to remain in schools. This is done by the initiative of the organization to give lectures and show films in the aviation field. It also organizes places where the training takes place. The organization has provided answers to many disadvantaged and bright students who have always wanted to study aviation. It develops scholarships for the youth who undertake aviation studies. It has the mandate of leasing, holding, pledging or acquiring any personal or real property which is important to the organizations operations (Black Pilots Inc, 2010).
When Booker T. Washington established the Tuskegee University, he did not only have the education of the youth in mind, but also realized that a wholesome provision of training in a variety of skills was important. Tuskegee University has been very instrumental in ensuring that there was an increase of the Black professional pilots. In 2002, the university opened the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site. Inspired by a famous Tuskegee airmen pilot, Alfred Chief Anderson, the University also established a program that was named after Anderson. The purpose of this program was to ensure that the next generation of the airmen received adequate training (Tuskegee University, 2003).
Anderson was the first African American pilot to get a commercial pilots certificate. He was also the first pilot to make a transcontinental flight. According to the overseer of the program, Mr. Payton, the Universitys action was to ensure that there was an increase in the minority pilots in the country. He stated that the Universitys science curriculum would increase the professional pilots, the same way the number of the blacks in the Tuskegee Ph.D. program in engineering and science had made an impact. The science programs would also have continuing and community outreach programs to strengthen the science skills of the children who had an interest in flying (Tuskegee University, 2003).
The film industry has also been influenced by the Tuskegee airmen. On February 21, 2010, a play known as Black Angels over Tuskegee was staged at St. Lukes Theatre. It is a play based on the true events of the Tuskegee airmen .The director and the playwright of the film, Layon Gray depicts the achievements and the struggles of the first black military airmen. An unnamed narrator states that the films objective is to prove the world wrong on the notions they had on the minority pilots. He states that the U.S. Congress had done a study on the Negro Soldier .Their report was that the Negro soldiers had a small brain and they were lazy, and there was no way that they could perform a difficult task, like flying a plane. The films aim is to encourage the African Americans to pursue their dreams despite all odds (The Mainichi Daily News, 2010).
Indeed, the Tuskegee airmen had a great influence on the minority pilots in the United States. Up to date, several black pilots, or those from other races hold to the fact that the Tuskegee airmen were behind the integration process. It seems like the same belief will recur in the future, as the Tuskegee Airmen Inc. is growing stronger each day.
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